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When groundbreaking ceremonies take place tomorrow (June 8) at Harvard Forest in Petersham, Mass., ecologists around the nation, including those at the 91制片厂, will be one step closer to seeing the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) become a reality.

And it is a big reality indeed. When completed in 2016, NEON will be the National Science Foundation鈥檚 continental network of data-gathering stations funded to the tune of $433 million by the federal Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction program 鈥� the same pot of money that has created several astronomical observatories as well as oceanographic vessels and other big-ticket items needed to advance science in the United States.

But unlike astronomers, notes 91制片厂 terrestrial ecologist and NEON board member Scott Ollinger of 91制片厂鈥檚 Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS), 鈥淓cologists don鈥檛 need one big telescope, they need a large network of little ones because ecosystems are so complex and variable in both space and time. And having sites functioning as a single, highly coordinated unit will enable scientists to conduct continental-scale ecology in a way that hasn鈥檛 previously been possible.鈥�

So in order to see the forest for the trees, NEON will build and link together 62 sites in 20 regional 鈥渄omains鈥� across the country and, for starters, make over 250 crucial measurements in their surrounding ecological systems.

In the Northeast, NEON observatories will be built at Harvard Forest, the Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire鈥檚 White Mountains 鈥� both sites where 91制片厂 scientists have conducted long-term experimental research 鈥揳nd another site in Burlington, Mass., representative of urban land use. Groundbreaking at two other NEON sites 鈥� the Ordway-Swisher Biological Station in Florida and the Central Plains Experimental Range in Colorado 鈥� will also occur this summer. The first three sites are expected to begin streaming data in late 2013 and be in full operation by 2014.

A vital functions monitor for the U.S. landscape

Eventually, measurements of plants, soils, organisms, and aquatic ecosystems will be collected using a multi-tiered approach involving instrument towers, distributed field plots, and aircraft remote observation platforms that will collect state-of-the-art image data for the landscape surrounding each site. Data for each site will be gathered in precisely the same fashion using precisely the same equipment over the same span of time. It will be the equivalent of hooking the U.S. landscape up to a giant vital functions monitor.

鈥淣EON came out of this notion that what we really need is a distributed network of sensors that will continually monitor the pulse, composition, and function of ecosystems around the country,鈥� notes Ollinger, a professor in the EOS Earth Systems Research Center (ESRC) and the department of natural resources and the environment who has been involved in the planning of NEON for more than 10 years. The network will eventually provide scientists with the capacity to understand aspects of ecosystems that heretofore have been impossible through conventional, disparate approaches, and will allow for timely monitoring of large-scale changes in the environment.

For example, one of the important roles NEON will fill is keeping a finger on the pulse of ecological shifts wrought by climate change such as species distribution, biogeochemical cycles, the spread of invasive species and vector-borne diseases.

鈥淲e don鈥檛 have anything in place right now that would adequately detect these changes at the spatial and temporal scales over which they will occur,鈥� Ollinger says. Indeed, currently, if there were a severe climate event that affected the entire country, it would take years to conduct a meaningful analysis and scientists would still gain only a limited picture of the effects on ecosystems. Data would have to be cobbled together from work being done by individual researchers scattered around the country. With the integration of measurements and open data policy that define NEON, 鈥渨e鈥檒l be able to do meaningful analysis a week after such an event,鈥� Ollinger notes.

In addition to construction beginning at Harvard Forest, this summer a series of test flights for new NEON aircraft instruments is scheduled to occur over both the Bartlett and Harvard forests. Ollinger has conducted long-term research at Bartlett using aircraft instruments to 鈥渞ead鈥� leaf chemical content 鈥� data which are then compared with leaf samples shot from the forest canopy and analyzed in a lab back at 91制片厂.

Ollinger was part of the NEON design consortium, served on the NSF panel that reviewed the network, and is serving his second term on the NEON board of directors. Additionally, John Aber (formerly of ESRC and now 91制片厂 provost) and Professor Serita Frey of the department of natural resources and the environment have also played an active role in the planning process. 鈥�91制片厂 has been involved in NEON as much as any university pretty much from day one,鈥� Ollinger says.

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